[Effectiveness of a Multidimensional Psychotherapeutic Treatment for Kindergardeners and Preschoolers with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder]. / Effektivität eines multimodalen psychotherapeutischen Behandlungsprogramms für Kindergarten- und Vorschulkinder mit Traumafolgestörungen.

Despite the increased vulnerability of very young children when confronted with traumatic experiences, and also the massive impact on their development, this topic has been much neglected in German health care research so far; in fact trauma-related treatments are particularly low. Due to this, we are exploring in this pilot study the evaluation of a standard health care system in the community ("Trauma first") for very young children suffering from the impact of traumatic experiences. Our analysis looks at the effectiveness of a cognitivebehavioural treatment for the age group 2-6 suffering from trauma disorders. A pre-post test design without a control group was carried out.The severity of symptoms of 39 children (age: 2-6 years; 46.2 % female) with traumatic experiences was recorded using disorder-specific diagnostics and broad-spectrum diagnostics before and after the therapy treatment, and was both self-assessed and externally assessed. The results show a significant reduction in children's PTSD symptoms, and internalizing behaviour problems, and some regressive behaviours in the caregiver rating, but not in the education rating. The effect sizes were between Cohen's d = 0.89 and d = 2.71. With regard to externalizing behavior and anxiety symptoms, positive tendencies could be found after treatment, but there was no significant decrease. The present pilot study provides initial indications of the effectiveness of the "Trauma First" care programunder ecologically valid conditions in children between the ages of 2 and 6 years. It serves as a preliminary stage of analyzing the psychotherapeutic effectiveness of traumatherapy treatment in young children, which should be followed up by a randomized-controlled study design.

Nano-hillock formation on CaF2due to individual slow Au-cluster impacts.

We present a direct way to generate hillock-like nanostructures on CaF2(111) ionic crystals by kinetic energy deposition upon Au-cluster irradiation. In the past, the formation of similar nanostructures has been observed for both slow highly charged ions and swift heavy ions. However, in these cases, potential energy deposition of highly charged ions or the electronic energy loss of fast heavy ions, respectively, first leads to strong electronic excitation of the target material before the excitation energy is transferred to the lattice by efficient electron-phonon coupling. We now show that the kinetic energy deposited by slow single Au-clusters directly in the lattice of CaF2(111) leads to the production of nano-hillocks very similar to those found with slow highly charged and swift heavy ions, with heights between 1 and 2 nm. Our results are in good agreement with previous cluster irradiation studies regarding energy deposition and hence nano-structuring of surfaces, and we present Au-cluster irradiation as novel tool to fine-tune nanostructure formation.

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources.

While the application of focused ion beam (FIB) techniques has become a well-established technique in research and development for patterning and prototyping on the nanometer scale, there is still a large underused potential with respect to the usage of ion species other than gallium. Light ions in the range of m = 1-28 u (hydrogen to silicon) are of increasing interest due to the available high beam resolution in the nanometer range and their special chemical and physical behavior in the substrate. In this work, helium and neon ion beams from a helium ion microscope are compared with ion beams such as lithium, beryllium, boron, and silicon, obtained from a mass-separated FIB using a liquid metal alloy ion source (LMAIS) with respect to the imaging and milling resolution, as well as the current stability. Simulations were carried out to investigate whether the experimentally smallest ion-milled trenches are limited by the size of the collision cascade. While He+ offers, experimentally and in simulations, the smallest minimum trench width, light ion species such as Li+ or Be+ from a LMAIS offer higher milling rates and ion currents while outperforming the milling resolution of Ne+ from a gas field ion source. The comparison allows one to select the best possible ion species for the specific demands in terms of resolution, beam current, and volume to be drilled.